Zida zogwiritsira ntchito
Aluminiyamu imawerengera zina mwazinthu zochulukirachulukira: pambuyo pa okosijeni ndi silicon, ndiye tsatanetsatane wokwanira kwambiri wodziwikiratu pansi pa dziko lapansi, kupanga kupitirira maperesenti asanu ndi atatu a kutumphuka mpaka ku mphamvu ya mamailosi khumi ndipo amawonekera pafupifupi mwala uliwonse wamba.
Komabe, aluminiyumu samapezeka mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, achitsulo koma ngati hydrated aluminium oxide (osakaniza madzi ndi aluminiyamu) kuphatikizapo silika, iron oxide, ndi titania.Mwala wa aluminiyamu wochuluka kwambiri ndi bauxite, womwe unatchedwa tawuni ya ku France ya Les Baux momwe unasinthira ku 1821. Bauxite imanyamula chitsulo ndi hydrated aluminium oxide, ndipo yotsirizirayo ikuimira nsalu yake yaikulu kwambiri.
Pakalipano, bauxite ndi yochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti madipoziti abwino kwambiri okhala ndi aluminium oxide okwana makumi anayi ndi asanu peresenti kapena kupitilira apo amakumbidwa kuti apange aluminiyamu.Madipoziti okhazikika amapezeka kudera lililonse lakumpoto ndi kumwera, pomwe miyala yambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States imachokera ku West Indies, North America, ndi Australia.
Popeza kuti bauxite imapezeka pafupi ndi dziko lapansi, njira zopangira migodi ndi zosavuta kwambiri.Zophulitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsegula maenje akulu m'mabedi a bauxite, kenako dothi ndi miyala yayikulu imachotsedwa.Miyala yovumbulutsidwayo imachotsedwa ndi zonyamula zoyimitsa kutsogolo, ndikuwunjikidwa m'mavani kapena m'magalimoto a njanji, ndikupita kukakonza moyo wamafakitale.Bauxite ndi yolemetsa (nthawi zambiri, tani imodzi ya aluminiyamu imatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku matani 4 mpaka 6 a ore), kotero, kuti achepetse mtengo wonyamula, maluwawa nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi migodi ya bauxite.
Njira Yopangira
Kutulutsa aluminiyumu yachilengedwe ku bauxite kumaphatikizapo njira.Choyamba, ore amayengedwa kuti achotse zonyansa monga iron oxide, silica, titania, ndi madzi.Kenako, chotsatira cha aluminium oxide chimasungunuka kuti chipereke aluminiyumu yachilengedwe.Pambuyo pake, aluminium imakulungidwa kuti ipereke zojambulazo.
Kuyeretsa - Njira ya Bayer
1.Njira ya Bayer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenga bauxite ili ndi masitepe anayi: chimbudzi, kulingalira, mpweya, ndi kuwerengetsa.Panthawi ya chimbudzi, bauxite imakhala pansi ndipo imasakanizidwa ndi sodium hydroxide isanaponyedwe m'matangi akuluakulu, opanikizika.M'matangi awa, omwe amatchedwa digesters, kuphatikiza kwa sodium hydroxide, kutentha, ndi kupanikizika kumaphwanya miyalayo kukhala yankho lodzaza ndi sodium aluminate ndi zonyansa zosasungunuka, zomwe zimakhazikika pansi.
2. Gawo lotsatira la njirayo, kulinganiza, kumaphatikizapo kutumiza yankho ndi zonyansa kudzera muzitsulo zosasunthika za akasinja ndi makina osindikizira.Pa digiri iyi, zosefera zansalu zimatchera msampha zoipitsa, zomwe zimatha kutayidwa.Pambuyo posefedwa kachiwiri, njira yothetsera vutoli imatumizidwa ku nsanja yozizirira.
3.Mu mlingo wotsatira, mpweya, aluminium oxide solution imagwira ntchito mu silo yaikulu, momwe, potengera njira ya Deville, madzimadzi amathiridwa ndi makhiristo a aluminiyamu ya hydrated kuti apititse patsogolo kupanga zinyalala za aluminiyamu.Pamene makhiristo a mbewu amakopa makhiristo ena mkati mwa yankho, zingwe zazikulu za aluminiyamu hydrate zimayamba kupanga.Izi zimasefedwa kaye kenako nkutsukidwa.
4.Calcination, sitepe yotsiriza kwambiri mkati mwa dongosolo lokonzekera la Bayer, limaphatikizapo kuwonetsa aluminium hydrate ku kutentha kwakukulu.Kutentha koopsa kumeneku kumawononga nsalu, ndikusiya zotsalira za ufa wabwino kwambiri: aluminium oxide.
Kusungunula
1.Smelting, yomwe imalekanitsa aluminium-oxygen compound (alumina) yopangidwa mothandizidwa ndi njira ya Bayer, ndi sitepe yotsatira pochotsa zachilengedwe, zitsulo za aluminiyamu kuchokera ku bauxite.Ngakhale makina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amachokera ku njira ya electrolytic yomwe idapangidwa nthawi yomweyo kudzera mwa Charles Hall ndi Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, idasinthidwa kukhala yamakono.Choyamba, aluminiyamuyo amasungunuka muzitsulo zosungunula, mildew yakuya yachitsulo yokhala ndi carbon komanso yodzaza ndi kondakitala yamadzi otentha yomwe imapangidwa makamaka ndi aluminiyumu pawiri cryolite.
2.Chotsatira, magetsi amasiku ano amayendetsedwa ndi cryolite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutumphuka kumapangidwe pamwamba pa alumina kusungunuka.Pamene aluminiyamu yowonjezera imagwedezeka nthawi ndi nthawi mu kusakaniza, kutumphuka uku kumathyoledwa ndikugwedezeka bwino.Pamene aluminiyamuyo amasungunuka, amawola mwamagetsi kuti apange aluminiyamu yoyera, yosungunuka yomwe ili pansi kwambiri pama cell osungunuka.Mpweyawu umalumikizana ndi mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ma cell ndikutuluka mu mawonekedwe a carbon dioxide.
3.Akadali mu mawonekedwe osungunuka, aluminiyumu yoyeretsedwa imatengedwa kuchokera ku maselo osungunula, amasamutsidwa mu crucibles, ndi kutsanulira mu ng'anjo.Pa digiri iyi, zinthu zina zitha kuyambitsidwa kuti zipereke zotayira za aluminiyamu zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yoyenera kwa chinthucho, ngakhale zojambulazo nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi.8 kapena makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi.9 peresenti yoyera.Madziwo amatsanuliridwa m'zida zoponyeramo za kick back, momwe amazizira m'ma slabs akulu omwe amatchedwa "ingots" kapena "reroll inventory."Pambuyo pa kutenthedwa-kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisagwire ntchito-zingwezo zimakhala zoyenera kugudubuza mu zojambulazo.
Njira ina yosungunula ndi kuponyera aluminiyamu imatchedwa "kuponya kosayimitsa."Njirayi imaphatikizapo chingwe chopangira chomwe chimaphatikizapo ng'anjo yosungunuka, poyatsira moto kuti mukhale ndi chitsulo chosungunula, makina osinthira, choponyera, chophatikizira monga pinch rolls, shear ndi bridle, ndi galimoto yobwerera m'mbuyo ndi coil.Njira ziwirizi zimapanga kuchuluka kwa makulidwe kuyambira 0.One hundred twenty five to zero.250 inchi (0.317 mpaka 0.635 centimita) ndi m'lifupi mwake.Kupindula kwa njira yoponyera mosalekeza ndikuti sikufuna kuti pakhale sitepe yokhotakhota m'mbuyomo, monga momwe amasungunula ndi kuponyera, chifukwa kusungunula kumachitika kawirikawiri panthawi yonse yoponyera.
Kupukuta zojambulazo
Pambuyo popanga zojambulazo, ziyenera kuchepetsedwa mu makulidwe kuti mupange zojambulazo.Izi zimachitika mu mphero, momwe nsaluyo imadutsa kangapo kudzera muzitsulo zazitsulo zotchedwa work rolls.Pamene mapepala (kapena ma webs) a aluminiyumu amadutsa m'mipukutu, amafinyidwa mocheperapo ndikudutsa pakati pa mipukutuyo.Mipukutu yogwirira ntchito imaphatikizidwa ndi mipukutu yolemetsa yomwe imadziwika kuti ma backup rolls, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupsinjika kuti athandizire kukhazikika kwa mipukutu yojambula.Izi zimathandiza kusunga miyeso mankhwala mkati tolerances.Zojambula ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera zimazungulira mosiyanasiyana.Mafuta amawonjezeredwa kuti athandizire njira yogubuduza.Panthawi yogubuduza iyi, aluminiyumu nthawi zina iyenera kutsekedwa (kutenthedwa) kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito.
Kuchotsera kwa zojambulazo kumayendetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi kusintha rpm ya masikono ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe (kukaniza glide), kuchuluka, ndi kutentha kwa mafuta ogudubuza.Kusiyana kwa mpukutu kumatanthawuza makulidwe ndi kutalika kwa zojambulazo zomwe zimachoka pamphero.Mpata uwu ukhoza kusinthidwa ndi chithandizo chokweza kapena kutsitsa mpukutu wapamwamba kwambiri.Kugudubuza kumapanga mapeto awiri achilengedwe pa zojambulazo, zowoneka bwino ndi matte.Mapeto owoneka bwino amapangidwa pamene zojambulazo zimagwirizana ndi zojambulazo.Kuti apange mapeto a matte, mapepala awiri ayenera kuikidwa pamodzi ndi kukulungidwa nthawi imodzi;pomwe izi zimatheka, m'mbali zomwe zikukhudza zosiyana zimakhala ndi matte.Njira zina zomaliza zamakina, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa panthawi yosinthira, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka mawonekedwe abwino.
Pamene mapepala a zojambulazo amalowa m'magudumu, amadulidwa ndi kudulidwa ndi mipeni yozungulira kapena ngati lumo yomwe imayikidwa pa mphero.Kudula kumatanthawuza m'mphepete mwa zojambulazo, monganso kudula kumaphatikizapo kudula zojambulazo kukhala mapepala angapo.Masitepewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka m'lifupi mwake mozungulira, kudula m'mphepete mwa zinthu zokutira kapena laminated, komanso kupereka magawo apakati.Pakupanga ndi kusintha magwiridwe antchito, ukonde womwe wathyoledwa pogubuduza uyenera kulumikizidwa pamodzi, kapena kuphatikizika.Mitundu yodziwika bwino yamalumikizidwe kuti mukhale membala wa zojambulazo zosavuta komanso / kapena zojambulazo zothandizidwa zimakhala ndi akupanga, tepi yosindikiza kutentha, tepi yosindikiza kupsinjika, ndi welded yamagetsi.The ultrasonic splice imagwiritsa ntchito chowotcherera chokhazikika-boma chopangidwa ndi akupanga transducer-mkati mwazitsulo zopindika.
Njira zomaliza
Pamaphukusi ambiri, zojambulazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu IV / kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Ikhoza kuphimbidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma polima ndi ma resin, ntchito zokongoletsa, zodzitchinjiriza, kapena kusindikiza kutentha.Ikhoza kupangidwa ndi mapepala, mapepala, ndi mafilimu apulasitiki.Ithanso kudulidwa, kupangidwa kukhala mtundu uliwonse, kusindikizidwa, kusindikizidwa, kudulidwa kukhala mizere, mapepala, okhazikika, ndi anodized.Chojambulacho chikakhala m'dziko lake lomaliza, chimapakidwa moyenera ndikutumizidwa kwa kasitomala.
Kuwongolera Kwabwino
Kuphatikiza pa kuwongolera munjira ya magawo monga kutentha ndi nthawi, chojambula chomalizidwa chiyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira.Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwa njira zosinthira ndikusiya kugwiritsa ntchito kwapezeka kuti imafuna mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowuma pansi pa zojambulazo kuti zigwire bwino ntchito.Kuyang'ana konyowa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha kuuma.Pakuyesaku, mayankho apadera a mowa wa ethyl m'madzi osungunuka, mu ma increments khumi peresenti mothandizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwake, amatsanuliridwa mu yunifolomu kusuntha pamwamba pa zojambulazo.Ngati palibe madontho, kunyowa kwake kumakhala 0. Njirayi imapitilirabe mpaka zitadziwika kuti ndi gawo lotani la mowa lomwe linganyowetsenso zojambulazo.
Zina zofunika kwambiri ndi makulidwe ndi mphamvu zolimba.Njira zamacheke zokhazikika zidapititsidwa patsogolo mothandizidwa ndi American Society For Testing and Materials (ASTM).Makulidwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyeza chitsanzo ndi kuyeza malo ake, kenako kugawa kulemera mwa kupanga malo, kachulukidwe ka aloyi.Kulimbana ndi kupsinjika kwa zojambulazo kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala chifukwa kuyang'anitsitsa zotsatira zake kungakhale kuvutika ndi mbali zolimba komanso kukhalapo kwa zolakwika zazing'ono, komanso zosiyana zina.Chitsanzocho chimayikidwa muzitsulo ndipo kukoka kwamphamvu kapena kukoka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka kupasuka kwa chitsanzo kukuchitika.Kupanikizika kapena magetsi omwe amafunikira kuti aphwanye chitsanzo amayezedwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-08-2022