Aluminiyamu ndiye zitsulo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa posachedwapa zazitsulo zomwe bizinesi yamakono imagwiritsa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri.Zomwe zimadziwika kuti "alumina," zida za aluminiyamu zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizanitsa mankhwala ku Igupto wakale ndi kuyika utoto wa nsalu m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages.
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, asayansi ankakayikira kuti mankhwalawo anali ndi zitsulo, ndipo mu 1807, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamankhwala Sir Humphry Davy anayesa kuzilekanitsa.Ngakhale kuti khama lake linalephera, Davy anatsimikizira kuti alumina anali ndi zitsulo, zomwe poyamba ankazitcha "aluminium."Pambuyo pake Davy adasintha izi kukhala "aluminium," ndipo, monga momwe asayansi m'maiko ambiri amatchulira mawu oti "aluminiyamu," Achimereka ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito masipelo osinthidwa a Davy.
Mu 1825, katswiri wina wa zamankhwala wa ku Denmark dzina lake Hans Christian Ørsted anadzipatula mwaluso aluminiyamu, ndipo patatha zaka 20, katswiri wina wa sayansi ya zakuthambo dzina lake Friedrich Wohler wa ku Germany anasintha n’kukhala wokhoza kupanga tinthu tating’ono ting’onoting’ono tachitsulocho;komabe, zinyalala za Wohler zakhala zabwino kwambiri ngati miyeso ya pini.
Mu 1854 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, wasayansi wa ku France, adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Wohler yokwanira kupanga zitsulo za aluminiyamu zazikulu ngati mabulosi.Dongosolo la Deville lidapereka maziko opangira ma aluminiyamu apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo mipiringidzo yoyambira ya aluminiyamu idawonetsedwa mu 1855 pa chiwonetsero cha Paris.
Pachifukwa ichi mtengo wochulukirapo wopatula zitsulo zomwe zangopezeka kumene zimalepheretsa malonda ake amagwiritsa ntchito.Komabe, mu 1866 asayansi akuyendetsa m'modzi m'modzi ku United States ndi France nthawi yomweyo adapititsa patsogolo zomwe zimatchedwa njira ya Hall-Héroult yopatula alumina kuchokera ku okosijeni mothandizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi masiku ano.Pomwe Charles Hall ndi Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult ali ndi chilolezo chomwe adapeza, ku America ndi France motsatana, Hall adakhala woyamba kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwachuma kwa njira yake yoyeretsera.
Mu 1888 iye ndi anzake angapo anayambitsa Pittsburgh Reduction Company, yomwe inapanga ma ingots oyambirira a aluminiyamu miyezi 12.Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi opangira magetsi pafakitale yayikulu yatsopano yosinthira zinthu pafupi ndi mathithi a Niagara komanso kuchititsa kuti anthu azifuna malonda a aluminiyamu, abwana a Hall—anadzatchedwanso Aluminium Company of America (Alcoa) mu 1907—anachita bwino.Pambuyo pake Héroult anakhazikitsa Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft ku Switzerland.Polimbikitsidwa ndi kuyitanidwa kwa aluminiyamu yomwe ikukula panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndi yachiwiri, madera osiyanasiyana otukuka padziko lonse anayamba kupereka aluminiyumu yawo.
Mu 1903, France idakhala dziko loyamba kupanga zojambula kuchokera ku aluminiyamu yoyeretsedwa.Dziko la United States linatsatira zomwezo patapita zaka khumi, kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa chinthu chatsopanocho kukhala ma leg band kuti apeze nkhunda zothamanga.Chojambula cha aluminiyamu chinasinthidwa kukhala nkhokwe ndi zoikamo posakhalitsa, ndipo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse inafulumizitsa mchitidwe umenewu, kuyika zojambulazo za aluminiyamu ngati nsalu yaikulu yoikamo.
Mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, Alcoa idakhalabe yokhayo yaku America yopanga aluminiyamu yoyeretsedwa, koma lero pali opanga asanu ndi awiri ofunikira opanga zojambula zotayidwa mkati mwa United States.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-08-2022